My writings in the neuroanatomy of the mind/body interface have led me to contemplate an interesting the homophonic and potential cognate pairing of cord as in ‘spinal cord’ and caudal (‘tail-end’ as counter polar to cephalic (‘at the head end’). ‘Cord’ appears to come from the PIE ghere- ‘intestine’ while ‘caudal’ is from the Latin cauda ‘tail’ – whose earlier forms seem less clear. But, in terms of differentiating the distinct parts of the CNS (central nervous system) of the *brain vs the spinal cord, the homophony of this being its caudal part is somewhat tantalising to me as an amateur linguist and natural philosopher – retired from a main career as a mind/body doctor.

Is there a word with a similar ending as "misogyny", "misandry", or "miscegeny" that has to do with discrimination on a racial basis?

hello, I'm a dumb, stupid artist and I have a couple word building projects but I always curl up and die on naming things, at first my solution was to look at obscure languages but that's probably distasteful, obviously I don't want to be distasteful while making dinky projects like a "Prehistoric Fantasy world" or any of my other projects so I thought getting into etymology would help me actually name things in my projects, animals, plants, locations, habitats, people, etc. so, where should I start in learning etymology?

hi hi !! so my surname is i think came from spanish due to the philippines being colonized by spain for 333 years.

but i tried to find sources to find the meaning of my surname but couldn't find any that seemed legitimate :/

i might as well try here hehe

thank you for your help

And even Hungarian, Estonian and Finnish, but none of the other Germanic languages.

Old High German: zil
    Middle High German: zil
        German: Ziel
            Hunsrik: Ziel
            → Bulgarian: цел (cel)
            → Czech: cíl
            → Hungarian: cél
                → Romanian: țel, țil
            → Macedonian: цел (cel)
            → Polish: cel, cyl, czel (Middle Polish)
                → Belarusian: цэль (celʹ)
                → Esperanto: celo
                → Kashubian: cél
                → Slovincian: cél
                → Russian: цель (celʹ), цѣль (cělʹ) — pre-1918 spelling
                    → Yakut: сыал (sïal)
                → Ukrainian: ціль (cilʹ)
            → Serbo-Croatian:
                Cyrillic script: ци̑љ
                Latin script: cȋlj
            → Slovak: cieľ
            → Slovene: cilj
        → Old Czech: cíl, cíľ (alternative writing)
            Czech: cíl
            Old Polish: cel
                Polish: cel, cyl, czel (Middle Polish)
                    → Belarusian: цэль (celʹ)
                    → Esperanto: celo
                    → Kashubian: cél
                    → Slovincian: cél
                    → Russian: цель (celʹ), цѣль (cělʹ) — pre-1918 spelling
                        → Yakut: сыал (sïal)
                    → Ukrainian: ціль (cilʹ)
                Silesian: cyl
→ Proto-Finnic: *tila
    Estonian: tila
    Finnish: tila (“room, space”)

Edit: I proofread the title like three times, but still missed a word :/

I am an English student interested in translation. How can understanding the origin and history of a word help translators choose the correct meaning in another language?

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At what point do two languages stop being dialects, are there specific parameters that distinguish a language from a dialect, like I know the Chinese government considers the Chinese languages dialects of each other to maintain the perception of a homogeneous nation, but at what point did Tamil and Malayalam stop being dialects and become two independent languages?